Fig. 4.1 shows the total crime rate and incidence rates (per 1000 population) of three types of crime in selected regions of England for the year ending September 2019. (a) State two types of environmental crimes. [2] (b) Compare the total crime rate and incidence rates of crime for the regions shown in Fig. 4.1. [4] (c) Suggest how vulnerability to different types of crime may vary with gender. [5] (d) Assess the effectiveness of national scale initiatives to reduce crime.